Sensory Coding
Shi et al -- Retinal origin of direction selectivity in the superior colliculus. Nature Neuroscience [Pubmed] The authors used optogenetic stimulation to show that the motion-selectivity of superficial superior colliculus neurons is inherited entirely from the direction selectivity of retinal ganglion cells that project there.Cognitive Neuroscience
Yackle et al -- Breathing Control Center Neurons That Promote Arousal in Mice. Science. [Pubmed] The CPG that controls breathing contains a small subpopulation of neurons that projects to the locus coeruleus, which releases noradrenaline (i.e., sympathetic activation for fight/flight). Removing this subset of neurons apparently did not influence the ability of mice to breath, but did make them especially chill. Take-home lesson: if you want to calm down, stop breathing.Motor Control
Shadmehr -- Learning to Predict and Control the Physics of Our Movements. J Neurosci. [Pubmed] Interestingly, this month there were quite a few papers related to the forward model framework in motor control (for a review, see Shadmehr and Krakaur's Error correction, sensory prediction, and adaptation in motor control (2010)). This paper from Shadmehr is an excellent summary of his many seminal contributions to this framework over the years. It focuses on his research on our ability to learn to manipulate objects with our hands, which involves quickly learning their unique dynamical signatures.Maeda et al -- Foot placement relies on state estimation during visually guided walking. J. Neurophys. [Pubmed] The second notable paper from the forward-model theoretic framework. How do we walk when we wear prismatic lenses that render visual feedback unreliable? This paper suggests that subjects learn to weight internally generated predictions more than the resulting noisy and unreliable visual feedback. Similar results have been seen before in reaching tasks (e.g., Körding and, Wolpert, 2004). However, this is a cool use of distorting lenses to demonstrate such effects during walking, which is typically thought to rely on mindless CPGs.
Confais et al -- Nerve-Specific Input Modulation to Spinal Neurons during a
Motor Task in the Monkey. J. Neurosci. [Pubmed] When we move, we activate our own sensory transducers. What keeps our
sensory systems from getting overwhelmed by such self-generated sensory
signals? Following up on Seki et al (2004),
this paper shows that there are sensory-nerve specific patterns of modulation (both excitation and inhibition) of somatosensory responses in the spinal cord during
voluntary wrist movements. The sign of modulation sometimes depended on the particular direction of movement of the wrist. This is a beautiful model system for the study of the effects of corollary discharge. Chaisanguanthum et al -- Neural Representation and Causal Models in Motor Cortex. J. Neurosci. [Pubmed] An excellent paper straddling classical motor control theories of Georgopoulos and friends, and some modern ideas from a horde that has been attacking such ideas recently. They construct a simple mathematical model of the sensorimotor transformation required to perform a center-out reaching task, and show that movement variability will be minimized when the output neurons that directly drive behavior are tuned to velocity. Indeed, they discover just such a population in their data (using a somewhat rough-hewn spike-width criterion to individuate subclasses of cortical neurons). While the model in this paper is simple, it is a welcome counterweight to the recent overreactions against Georgopoulos. Hopefully it is the first of many studies that will ultimately absorb previous work in a principled way.
Why am I being so pro-Georgopoulos? I'm not: I'm just surprised that people have recently been so dismissive
of Georgopoulos, to the point where it seems they are just attacking a straw man. Students
of motor control were never so locked into the velocity-tuning
framework that they thought it would apply to all neurons (for an excellent review, see Kalaska, 2009).
Further, is anyone that surprised at nonstationarities in the system? That is, was anyone really surprised that neurons don't show the same tuning properties seconds before an
animal starts moving, when recording in brain regions whose primary function is to directly control movement? The sensory systems literature is absorbing nonstationarities and dynamics without all this fanfare. What's up, motor control?
